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  源码分析
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  基础案例
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  MyBatis源码
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  Dubbo源码
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          缓存技术
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          服务注册发现
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  Zookeeper
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          消息中间件
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  RabbitMQ
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  RocketMQ
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  Kafka
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          网络通信
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  Netty
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          远程调用
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          数据库
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          搜索引擎
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  ElasticSearch
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class="header-anchor">#</a> Nessus的整理</h1> <p>Nessus号称是世界上最流行的漏洞扫描程序，全世界有超过75000个组织在使用它。该工具提供完整的电脑漏洞扫描服务，并随时更新其漏洞数据库。Nessus不同于传统的漏洞扫描软件，Nessus可同时在本机或远端上遥控，进行系统的漏洞分析扫描。Nessus也是渗透测试重要工具之一。所以，本章将介绍安装、配置并启动Nessus。</p> <h2 id="安装和配置nessus"><a href="#安装和配置nessus" class="header-anchor">#</a> 安装和配置Nessus</h2> <p>为了定位在目标系统上的漏洞，Nessus依赖feeds的格式实现漏洞检查。Nessus官网提供了两种版本：家庭版和专业版。</p> <ul><li>家庭版：家庭版是供非商业性或个人使用。家庭版比较适合个人使用，可以用于非专业的环境。</li> <li>专业版：专业版是供商业性使用。它包括支持或附加功能，如无线并发连接等。</li></ul> <p>本小节使用Nessus的家庭版来介绍它的安装。具体操作步骤如下所示。</p> <p>（1）下载Nessus软件包。Nessus的官方下载地址是http://www.tenable.com/products/ nessus/select-your-operating-system。在浏览器中输入该地址，将显示如图5.1所示的界面。</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00193.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（2）在该界面左侧的Download Nessus下，单击Linux，并选择下载Nessus-5.2.6- debian6_i386.deb包</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00194.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（3）单击Nessus-5.2.6-debian6_i386.deb</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00195.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（4）在该界面单击Agree按钮，将开始下载。然后将下载的包，保存到自己想要保存的位置。</p> <p>（5）下载完Nessus软件包，现在就可以来安装该工具。执行命令如下所示：</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>root@kali:~# dpkg -i Nessus-5.2.6-debian6_i386.deb
Selecting previously unselected package nessus.
(正在读取数据库 … 系统当前共安装有 276380 个文件和目录。)
正在解压缩 nessus (从 Nessus-5.2.6-debian6_i386.deb) …
正在设置 nessus (5.2.6) …
nessusd (Nessus) 5.2.6 [build N25116] for Linux
Copyright (C) 1998 - 2014 Tenable Network Security, Inc
 
Processing the Nessus plugins…
[##################################################]
 
All plugins loaded
 
 - You can start nessusd by typing /etc/init.d/nessusd start
 - Then go to https://kali:8834/ to configure your scanner
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br></div></div><p>看到以上类似的输出信息，表示Nessus软件包安装成功。Nessus默认将被安装在/opt/nessus目录中。</p> <p>（6）启动Nessus。执行命令如下所示：</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>root@kali:~# /etc/init.d/nessusd start
$Starting Nessus : .
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><p>从输出的信息中可以看到Nessus服务已经启动。</p> <p>注意：使用Nessus之前，必须有一个注册码。关于获取激活码的方法在第2章已经介绍过，这里就不再赘述。</p> <p>（7）激活Nessus。执行命令如下所示</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>root@Kali:~# /opt/nessus/bin/nessus-fetch --register 9CC8-19A0-01A7-D4C1- 4521
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>（8）为Nessus创建一个用户。执行命令如下所示：</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>root@Kali:~# /opt/nessus/sbin/nessus-adduser
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>（9）登录Nessus。在浏览器中输入地址<a href="https://xn--ip:8834//%E4%B8%BB%E6%9C%BA%E5%90%8D:8834%E3%80%82" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://主机IP:8834或https://主机名:8834。<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></p> <p>通过以上步骤的详细介绍，Nessus就配置好了，现在就可以使用Nessus扫描各种的漏洞。使用Nessus扫描漏洞之前需要新建扫描策略和扫描任务，为了后面能顺利的扫描各种漏洞，接下来将介绍新建策略和扫描任务的方法。</p> <p><strong>1.添加策略</strong></p> <p>添加策略的具体操作步骤如下所示。</p> <p>（1）登录Nessus。Nessus是一个安全链接，所以需要添加信任后才允许登录。在浏览器地址栏中输入<code>https://192.168.41.234:8834</code></p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00197.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（2）在该界面单击I Understand the Risks按钮。</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00198.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（3）该界面显示了所存在的风险，单击Add Exception按钮</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00199.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（4）在该界面单击Confirm Security Exception按钮</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00200.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（5）在该界面输入前面创建的用户名和密码，然后单击Sign In按钮</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00201.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（6）在该界面使用鼠标切换到Policies选项卡上</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00202.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（7）在该界面单击New Policy按钮</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00203.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（8）该界面选择创建策略类型。Nessus默认支持10种策略类型，在策略类型上有绿色条的表示订阅。这里选择Advanced Policy类型。</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00204.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（9）在该界面设置策略名、可见性和描述信息（可选项）。这里设置策略名为Local VulnerabilityAssessment、可见性为private。然后单击左侧的Plugins标签</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00205.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <ul><li>private：仅自己能使用该策略扫描。</li> <li>shared：其他用户也能使用该策略扫描</li></ul> <p>（10）该界面显示了所有插件程序，默认全部是启动的。在该界面可以单击Disable  All按钮，禁用所有启动的插件程序。然后指定需要启动的插件程序，如启动Debian Local Security Checks和Default  Unix Accounts插件程序</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00206.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（11）在该界面单击Save按钮</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00207.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（12）从该界面可以看到新建的策略Local Vulnerability Assessment，表示该策略已创建成功。</p> <p><strong>2.新建扫描任务</strong></p> <p>策略创建成功后，必须要新建扫描任务才能实现漏洞扫描。下面将介绍新建扫描任务的具体操作步骤。</p> <p>（1）在 <strong>添加策略</strong>第（11）步的图中， 将鼠标切换到Scans选项卡上</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00208.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（2）从该界面可以看到当前没有任何扫描任务，所以需要添加扫描任务后才能扫描。在该界面单击New Scan按钮</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00209.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（3）在该界面设置扫描任务名称、使用策略、文件夹和扫描的目标。这里分别设置为Sample Scan、Local Vulnerability Assessment（前面新建的策略）、My Scans和192.168.41.0/24。然后单击Launch按钮</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00210.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（4）从该界面可以看到扫描任务的状态为Running（正在运行），表示Sample Scan扫描任务添加成功。如果想要停止扫描，可以单击<img alt="135-01" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00211.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy">（停止一下）按钮。如果暂停扫描任务，单击<img alt="135-02" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00212.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy">按钮。</p> <h2 id="扫描本地漏洞"><a href="#扫描本地漏洞" class="header-anchor">#</a> 扫描本地漏洞</h2> <p>在前面介绍了Nessus的安装、配置、登录及新建策略和扫描任务，现在可以开始第一次测试组的安全漏洞。对于新建策略和扫描任务这里就不再赘述，本小节中只列出扫描本地漏洞所需添加的插件程序及分析扫描信息。</p> <p>【实例】扫描本地漏洞具体操作步骤如下所示。</p> <p>（1）新建名为Local Vulnerability Assessment策略。</p> <p>（2）添加所需的插件程序。</p> <ul><li>Ubuntu Local Security Checks：扫描本地Ubuntu安全检查。</li> <li>Default Unix Accounts：扫描默认Unix账户。</li></ul> <p>（3）新建名为Sample Scan扫描任务。</p> <p>（4）扫描漏洞。扫描任务执行完成后，将显示如图5.18所示的界面。</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00213.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（5）在该界面双击扫描任务名称Sample Scan，将显示扫描的详细信息</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00214.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（6）从该界面可以看到总共扫描了三台主机。扫描主机的漏洞情况，可以查看Vulnerability列，该列中的数字表示扫描到的信息数。右侧显示了扫描的详细信息，如扫描任务名称、状态、策略、目标主机和时间等。右下角以圆形图显示了漏洞的危险情况，分别使用不同颜色显示漏洞的严重性。本机几乎没任何漏洞，所以显示是蓝色（Info）。关于漏洞的信息使用在该界面可以单击Host列中的任何一个地址，显示该主机的详细信息，包括IP地址、操作系统类型、扫描的起始时间和结束时间等。本例中选择192.168.41.234地址</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00215.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（7）在该界面单击INFO按钮，将显示具体的漏洞信息</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00216.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（8）该界面显示了漏洞的描述信息及扫描到的信息。例如，该主机上开启了68、8834和15774等端口。使用Nessus还可以通过导出文件的方式查看漏洞信息，导出的文件格式包括Nessus、PDF、HTML、CSV和Nessus DB。导出文件的方式如下所示：</p> <p>选择导出文件的格式。这里选择PDF格式，单击PDF命令</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00217.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（9）该界面分为两部分，包括Available Content（可用的内容）和Report  Content（报告内容）。该界面显示了导出的PDF文件中可包括的内容有主机摘要信息、主机漏洞和插件漏洞。在图5.22中将要导出的内容用鼠标拖到Report Content框中</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00218.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（10）在该界面显示了将要导出的内容。此时单击Export按钮</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00219.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（11）在该界面单击Save File按钮，指定该文件的保存位置，即PDF文件导出成功。</p> <h2 id="扫描网络漏洞"><a href="#扫描网络漏洞" class="header-anchor">#</a> 扫描网络漏洞</h2> <p>如果用户想要使用Nessus攻击一个大范围的漏洞，需要配置评估漏洞列表并指定获取信息的评估列表。本小节将介绍配置Nessus在目标主机寻找网络漏洞，这些漏洞指目标主机或其他网络协议。</p> <p>【实例】扫描网络漏洞的具体操作步骤如下所示。</p> <p>（1）新建名为Internal Network Scan策略。</p> <p>（2）添加所需的插件程序，如表5-1所示。</p> <p>下表为所需插件程序</p> <table><thead><tr><th>CISCO</th> <th>扫描CISCO系统</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>DNS</td> <td>扫描DNS服务器</td></tr> <tr><td>Default Unix Accounts</td> <td>扫描本地默认用户账户和密码</td></tr> <tr><td>FTP</td> <td>扫描FTP服务器</td></tr> <tr><td>Firewalls</td> <td>扫描代理防火墙</td></tr> <tr><td>Gain a shell remotely</td> <td>扫描远程获取的Shell</td></tr> <tr><td>Geeral</td> <td>扫描常用的服务</td></tr> <tr><td>Netware</td> <td>扫描网络操作系统</td></tr> <tr><td>Peer-To-Peer File Sharing</td> <td>扫描共享文件检测</td></tr> <tr><td>Policy Compliance</td> <td>扫描PCI DSS和SCAP信息</td></tr> <tr><td>SCADA</td> <td>扫描设置管理工具</td></tr> <tr><td>SMTP Problems</td> <td>扫描SMTP问题</td></tr> <tr><td>SNMP</td> <td>扫描SNMP相关信息</td></tr> <tr><td>Service Detection</td> <td>扫描服务侦察</td></tr> <tr><td>Settings</td> <td>扫描基本设置</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>（3）新建名为Network Scan扫描任务。</p> <p>（4）扫描结果</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00220.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（5）从该界面可以看到有两个比较严重的漏洞。如果想要详细地分析该漏洞，建议将该信息使用文件的形式导出。</p> <h2 id="扫描指定linux的系统漏洞"><a href="#扫描指定linux的系统漏洞" class="header-anchor">#</a> 扫描指定Linux的系统漏洞</h2> <p>本小节将介绍使用Nessus扫描指定Linux系统上的漏洞。</p> <p>【实例】扫描指定Linux系统漏洞的具体操作步骤如下所示。</p> <p>（1）使用Metasploitable 2.0作为目标主机。用户也可以使用其他版本的Linux系统。</p> <p>（2）新建名为Linux Vulnerability Scan策略。</p> <p>（3）添加所需的插件程序，如表所示。</p> <p>所需插件程序</p> <table><thead><tr><th>Backdoors</th> <th>扫描秘密信息</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>Brute Force Attacks</td> <td>暴力攻击</td></tr> <tr><td>CentOSo Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描CentOS系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>DNS</td> <td>扫描DNS服务器</td></tr> <tr><td>Debian Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描Debian系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Default Unix Accounts</td> <td>扫描默认Unix用户账号</td></tr> <tr><td>Denial of Service</td> <td>扫描拒绝的服务</td></tr> <tr><td>FTP</td> <td>扫描FTP服务器</td></tr> <tr><td>Fedora Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描Fedora系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Firewalls</td> <td>扫描防火墙</td></tr> <tr><td>FreeBSD Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描FreeBSD系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Gain a shell remotely</td> <td>扫描远程获得的Shell</td></tr> <tr><td>General</td> <td>扫描漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Gentoo Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描Gentoo系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>HP-UX Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描HP-UX系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Mandriva Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描Mandriva系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Misc</td> <td>扫描复杂的漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Red Hat Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描Red Hat系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>SMTP Porblems</td> <td>扫描SMTP问题</td></tr> <tr><td>SNMP</td> <td>扫描SNMP漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Scientific Linux Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描Scientific Linux系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Slackware Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描Slackware系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Solaris Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描Solaris系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>SuSE Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描SuSE系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Ubuntu Local Security Checks</td> <td>扫描Ubuntu系统的本地安全漏洞</td></tr> <tr><td>Web Servers</td> <td>扫描Web服务器</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>（4）新建名为Linux Vulnerability Scan扫描任务。</p> <p>（5）扫描漏洞，扫描结果如图所示。</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00221.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（6）从该界面可以看到总共扫描了6台主机上的漏洞信息。其中，主机192.168.41.142上存在7个比较严重的漏洞。关于漏洞的百分比情况，可以从右下角的扇形图中了解到。同样，用户可以使用前面介绍过的两种方法，查看漏洞的详细信息。</p> <h2 id="扫描指定windows的系统漏洞"><a href="#扫描指定windows的系统漏洞" class="header-anchor">#</a> 扫描指定Windows的系统漏洞</h2> <p>本节将介绍使用Nessus扫描指定Windows系统上的漏洞。</p> <p>【实例】使用Nessus扫描指定Windows系统漏洞。本例中使用Windows 7系统作为目标主机。具体扫描步骤如下所示。</p> <p>（1）新建名为Windows Vulnerability Scan策略。</p> <p>（2）添加所需的插件程序，如表5-3所示。</p> <p>表5-3 所需插件程序</p> <table><thead><tr><th>DNS</th> <th>扫描DNS服务器</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>Databases</td> <td>扫描数据库</td></tr> <tr><td>Denial of Service</td> <td>扫描拒绝的服务</td></tr> <tr><td>FTP</td> <td>扫描FTP服务器</td></tr> <tr><td>SMTP Problems</td> <td>扫描SMTP问题</td></tr> <tr><td>SNMP</td> <td>扫描SNMP</td></tr> <tr><td>Settings</td> <td>扫描设置信息</td></tr> <tr><td>Web Servers</td> <td>扫描Web Servers</td></tr> <tr><td>Windows</td> <td>扫描Windows</td></tr> <tr><td>Windows:Microsoft Bulletins</td> <td>扫描Windows中微软公告</td></tr> <tr><td>Windows:User management</td> <td>扫描Windows用户管理</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>（3）开始扫描漏洞。扫描结果如图所示。</p> <p><img alt="img" data-src="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/daxueba-kali-linux-tutorial/content/img/00222.jpeg" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p>（4）从该界面可以看到主机192.168.41.1的漏洞情况，该主机中存在一个比较严重的漏洞。同样用户可以使用前面介绍过的两种方法查看漏洞的详细信息，进而修改主机中存在的漏洞。</p> <h2 id="写在最后"><a href="#写在最后" class="header-anchor">#</a> 写在最后</h2> <blockquote><p>如果你觉得冰河写的还不错，请微信搜索并关注「 <strong>冰河技术</strong> 」微信公众号，跟冰河学习高并发、分布式、微服务、大数据、互联网和云原生技术，「 <strong>冰河技术</strong> 」微信公众号更新了大量技术专题，每一篇技术文章干货满满！不少读者已经通过阅读「 <strong>冰河技术</strong> 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